Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Different Bioactive Fractions Present in Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Root Extract: An in-vitro Approach

Aimand Objectives:Boerhavia diffusa(B. diffusa) frequently known as punarnava is specifically used to replenish the body. The present work was designed to evaluate the scavenging potentialof its bioactive constituents. Materials and Methods:The different fractions ofB. diffusaroot methanolic extractwere examined for phenolic, flavonoids contents, DPPH free radical and Nitric oxide scavenging activities. Further antioxidant activity wasevaluated by ABTS free radical scavenging method and also from the reducing potential scavenging activity. The total phenolic content in different fractions by using various solvent like ethanol, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol were carried out to find the antioxidant activities. Results:The phenolic content was highest in ethanolic fraction that was significantly comparable with ascorbic acid. The flavonoid content was highest in ethanol fraction (41.93 ± 3.92 μg/mL) followed by n-butanol fraction (31.68 ± 1.72 μg/mL), then ethyl acetate fraction (29.67 ± 2.83 μg/mL) and least in chloroform fraction (16.91 ± 2.74 μg/mL). The ethanolic fraction of B. diffusaalso showed highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (101.29 ± 3.78) when compared with other fractions of same extract using different solvent phases. Moreover the nitric oxide scavenging activity of ethanolic fraction was maximum (82.31 ± 2.83) than different fractions. The ethanolic fraction also showed improved ABTS radical scavenging activity (81.73 ± 2.73 mg/mL) while chloroform fraction showed poor ABTS radical cation scavenging activity (29.51 ± 2.79 mg/mL). Conclusions:The study concludes that Boerhavia diffusa has rich and ample source of phenolic acid and flavonoids. Among all fractions the ethanolic has potent antioxidant activity, which shows its significance for a better novel approach.

Design of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Cyclea barbata Miers. and its lipoxygenase inhibitory activity

Green grass jelly (Cyclea barbata Miers.) is a plant from Indonesia that is believed to have anti-inflammatory activity.This study aims to find the optimum condition in grass jelly extraction using the ionic liquid-microwave assistedextraction toward total flavonoid content (TFC) and lipoxygenase activity (LIA). The experimental design wasperformed using the parameters variable including extraction time, liquid–solid ratio, and ionic liquids concentrationto obtain the optimum condition. The optimization analysis used response surface methodology (RSM) with Box–Behnken design (17 trials) to obtain a predictive model with TFC and LIA as a response surface value. In the presentstudy, the optimum condition was suggested by RSM analysis with parameter variables, including extraction time of17 minutes, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) concentration of 1.76 mol/l, and the liquid–solid ratioof 38.21 ml/g. The equation of regression quadratic model was obtained to predict TFC and LIA as follows: TFC =2.43A + 2.43B + 1.42C + 0.33AB − 3.20AC − 0.46BC − 4.90A2 − 3.10B2 − 3.10C2 + 28.32 with R2 = 0.8336 and LIA= 0.066A + 8.22B + 0.97C + 2.47AB − 5.86AC + 1.96BC − 9.99A2 − 13.75B2 − 13.11C2 + 63.53 with R2 = 0.9207,respectively

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenol And Flavonoid Content Of Mimosa Rubicaulis And Reinwardita Indica

Objective: Phytochemicals as phenol and flavonoid have a powerful biological activity. So, this study aimed to carry out phytochemical screening, total phenol and flavonoid content in two plant species i.e. M. rubicaulis and R. indica. Methods: The extraction of different parts of two plant species was done by maceration using ethanol. Phytochemical screening was done to confirm the presence of phytochemicals. Total phenol content was done by Folin ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content was done by Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid, phenol, terpenoids in both plant species. The highest concentration of phenol content was observed in the root and stem of an extract of M. rubicaulis i.e. 281.83±1.98 mg GAE/g dry extract weight and 225.37±0.60 mg GAE/g dry extract weight. The highest concentration of flavonoid contents was observed in the leaves of R. indica i.e. 462.21±4.67 mg QE/g dry extract weight followed by stem and root of M. rubicaulis i.e. 381.06±5.23 mg QE/g dry extract weight and 337.43±1.39 mg QE/g dry extract weight. Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis concluded the presence of biologically important phytoconstituents like flavonoid and phenol in both plant species. Further studies, should be carried out to isolate specific chemical constituents and should be used in different studies to explore their biological effects.

Determination Of Vindoline And Rutin Content In Five Different Morphotypes Of Catharanthus Roseus Leaves Using Hplc

Objective: To determine total phenolic and flavonoids contents and also quantify vindoline and rutin in different morphotypes of Catharanthus roseus using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Methods: Total flavonoids content (TFC) was determined by Aluminium chloride colorimetric and total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay. The chromatographic separation was done by using a C18 column at room temperature and eluted with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of phosphate buffer (pH=5.8) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute and detection was carried out at 254 nm. Results: TPC and TFC content was found highest in Cr00DP and lowest in Cr00WFSRE. Results also showed that the purple morphotypes Cr00DP gives more vindoline (0.3 mg/g) and rutin (18.57 mg/g) concentration compared to the pink morphotype Cr00PFRE contained 18.3 mg/g rutin and 0.2 mg/g vindoline. White morphotypes contained 0.383 mg/g rutin and 0.004 mg/g vindoline which was significantly less as compared to purple and pink morphotypes. Conclusion: The plant has significant number of alkaloids and flavonoids. The obtained outcomes from different morphotypes are thus significant for the purpose of vindoline and rutin isolation from Catharanthus roseus plant. These isolated bioactive phytoconstituents are a good candidate for further pharmacological and clinical study.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Sabicea brevipes Wernham (Rubiaceae)

Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the leaf extract and fractions of Sabicea brevipes were studied. Theleaveswere defatted and the marc extracted with methanol. The extractwas further purified by solvent-solvent partitioning using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol to obtain the three solvent fractions. They were screened for phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids. Total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were determined quantitatively. The antimicrobial test was screened in vitroby agar diffusion method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant difference at p ≤ 0.05 in all study groups. The methanol extract exhibited the most significant amount of phenolics (110.78 ± 1.06 mg GAE/g) while ethyl acetate fraction had the least total phenolics content (50.55 ± 2.91 mg GAE/g). The same trend was observed for the total flavonoids content whereas the methanol extractmeasured (418.40 ± 14.03 mg QE/g) while ethyl acetate fraction had 192.40 ± 3.06 mg QE/g. Total tannins contents were: methanol extract (102.22 ± 7.58 mg GAE/g) and ethyl acetate (27.33 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant results showed that the methanol extract had the highest DPPH free radical scavenging ability (93.69%) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.601± 0.02 and also highest ferric ion reducing power (50.381 ± 1.56 μmol Fe2+/g). Also, the methanol extract showed high total antioxidant capacity (96.79 ± 0.31 mg AAE) and IC50of 0.798± 0.01. The antimicrobial results revealed that the methanol extract showed better activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, andCandida albicans than the solvent fractions at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, mg/mL having various inhibition zone diameters (IZDs). The methanol extract and fractions of S. brevipescompared favourably in terms of zone of inhibition and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) with the standard drug disc (Gentamycin and Ketoconazole) against the tested microorganisms. The MIC of the extract and solvent fractions ranged from 6.31 mg/mL to 50.12 mg/mL. The continual use of the extract of Sabicea brevipesin preventing oxidative stress and in the treatment of common infection is justified by these results.

Synergistic antioxidant interactions between green tea and Ocimum gratissimum

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant interactions between aqueous infusions of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum at different ratios. Methods: Antioxidant activities of aqueous infusion of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves) alone or in combination at various proportions (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were determined by DPPH, ABTS, NO and ex-vivo assays including lipid peroxidation and haemolysis. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content was calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetry method, respectively. A correlation study was also conducted between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic/flavonoid content of various infusions. The interactions were analyzed by combination index applying CompuSyn software. Results: Green tea exhibited high radical scavenging ability as compared to Ocimum gratissimum infusion. Combination of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum exhibited moderate antagonism to strong synergistic interaction at various ratios. A strong correlation was found between total phenolic content/total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of individual infusions (green tea and Ocimum gratissimum). For binary mixture at different ratios, a weak to strong correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity and almost no correlation between total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential. Conclusions: Overall, green tea and Ocimum gratissimum combination (1:1) displayed the highest antioxidant potential and maximum synergism.

Fruiting increases total content of flavonoids and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru D.C. cladodes in sarcoma 180 cells in vitro

Objective: To evaluate the influence of fruiting phenological stage on total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru (C. jamacaru) (mandacaru) cladodes and fruit. Methods: Fruit and cladodes at vegetative and fruiting stage of C. jamacaru were collected. The fruit was dissected and bark, pulp, and seeds were separated. Vegetative and fruiting cladodes, together with bark, pulp, and seeds were used to obtain five hydroalcoholic extracts. The extracts were investigated for total flavonoid content, using AlCl3 colorimetric method, antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging capacity and Fe2+ ion chelating activity, and in vitro antiproliferative effects (sarcoma 180 cells) by 3-(4,5- dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Results: The extract of C. jamacaru cladodes at the fruiting stage showed higher flavonoid content compared to the other extracts. Seed extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, and the extract of cladodes at vegetative stage showed better antioxidant activity in Fe2+ ion chelating activity. The extract of fruiting cladodes promoted higher antiproliferative effects compared to the other extracts. Conclusions: These findings suggest that fruiting increases the content of flavonoids and antiproliferative effects of C. jamacaru cladodes. Data reinforce the potential use of C. jamacaru cladodes and fruits as natural antioxidants and potent anticancer agent.

Fruiting increases total content of flavonoids and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru D.C. Cladodes in sarcoma 180 cells in vitro

Objective: To evaluate the influence of fruiting phenological stage on total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru (C. jamacaru) (mandacaru) cladodes and fruit. Methods: Fruit and cladodes at vegetative and fruiting stage of C. jamacaru were collected. The fruit was dissected and bark, pulp, and seeds were separated. Vegetative and fruiting cladodes, together with bark, pulp, and seeds were used to obtain five hydroalcoholic extracts. The extracts were investigated for total flavonoid content, using AlCl

Synergistic antioxidant interactions between green tea and Ocimum gratissimum

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant interactions between aqueous infusions of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum at different ratios. Methods: Antioxidant activities of aqueous infusion of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves) alone or in combination at various proportions (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were determined by DPPH, ABTS, NO and ex-vivo assays including lipid peroxidation and haemolysis. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content was calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetry method, respectively. A correlation study was also conducted between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic/flavonoid content of various infusions. The interactions were analyzed by combination index applying CompuSyn software. Results: Green tea exhibited high radical scavenging ability as compared to Ocimum gratissimum infusion. Combination of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum exhibited moderate antagonism to strong synergistic interaction at various ratios. A strong correlation was found between total phenolic content/total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of individual infusions (green tea and Ocimum gratissimum). For binary mixture at different ratios, a weak to strong correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity and almost no correlation between total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential. Conclusions: Overall, green tea and Ocimum gratissimum combination (1:1) displayed the highest antioxidant potential and maximum synergism.

Comparative Study In Antioxidant Activities Of The Different Ripeness Stages Of Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam. Fruit

The ethyl acetate extracts obtained from under-ripe (Young Stage), mature (Mature Stage) and ripe fruit (Ripe Stage) fruit pulp of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. were evaluated for their Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content and antioxidant property. Total Moisture Content and the Total Ash Content of pulp were determined by subjecting to heat treatment. Total Phenolic Content was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu method and Total Flavonoid Content by Aluminium Chloride Colorimetric Assay. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH Radical Scavenging, ABTS Radical Scavenging and FRAP Assays. The highest moisture content varies as Young Stage>Mature Stage>Ripe Stage in 84.71% to 70.38% range and Total Ash Content of the Ripe Stage pulp was the highest (6.86 %) and the least was observed for the Young Stage with a value of 5.40 %. For the Total Phenolic Content, crude extracts isolated from Mature Stage showed highest value (434.04 mg GAE/g) and Total Flavonoid Content was highest in crude extract of the Young Stage (446.79 mg QE/g). Ripe Stage Crude extract gave lowest value for both Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content. For DPPH Radical Scavenging, ABTS Radical Scavenging and FRAP Assays, highest activity was reported by crude extract of Young Stage followed by crude extract of Mature Stage and least activity was given by crude extract of Ripe Stage. A correlation between Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content with antioxidant activity was noticeable. A declination of the antioxidant activity was observed as the fruit reaches its maturity.

Antioxidant activities of brown teff hydrolysates produced by protease treatment / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Various plants, herbal medicines, and marine foodstuffs have been used in kimchi preparation to improve its overall quality. Teff, which is rich in minerals and starches, facilitates stable blood glucose levels and is well-suited for use in gluten-free products; hence, it can be used to reinforce the mineral composition of kimchi. In this study, we probed the antioxidant activities of hydrolysates prepared by treatment of brown teff with three proteases under different conditions. METHODS: The mineral composition of brown teff was determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry-mass spectrometry, and we established optimal hydrolysis conditions by determining the total phenol and flavonoid contents of teff hydrolysates obtained using three different proteases (protamax, flavourzyme, and alcalase), two different protease concentrations (1 and 3 wt%), and three different incubation times (1, 2, and 4 h). The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates was further investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferrous reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. RESULTS: Brown teff was rich in I, K, Mg, and Ca, and the highest total phenol content (24.16 µg/mL), total flavonoid content (69.08 µg/mL), and TAC were obtained for 1 wt% protamax treatment. However, the highest DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP values were observed for hydrolysates produced by alcalase and flavourzyme treatments, respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment of brown teff with proteases affords hydrolysates with significantly increased antioxidant activities and high total phenol and flavonoid contents, and these antioxidant activities of teff hydrolysates have the potential to enhance the quality and functionality of kimchi in future applications.

Levels of antioxidant enzymes and alkaline protease from pulp and peel of sunflower

Objective: The activity of enzymes participating in the systems of antioxidant protection was assayed in the peel and pulp of sunflower. The essential roles of proteases in food stimulate research to find other sources of the enzyme especially from non-conventional sources. In the present work, we study several biochemical parameters in the pulp and peel of sunflower. Methods: Pulp and peel of sunflower was extracted, antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant were measured. Alkaline protease was measured and purified from pulp in sunflower. Results: High carbohydrate concentration, beta-carotene, catalase and ascorbate perox-idase activities, free radical scavenging capacity and free flavonoid content were observed in the peel of sunflower. Whereas, MDA and ceruloplasmin activities were high in the pulp of sunflower. Conclusions: The present study concluded that peel in sunflower are strong radical scavengers and can be considered as good sources of natural antioxidants for medicinal and commercial uses. Further analysis showed that protease activity was a significantly high in the pulp compared to the peel.

Levels of antioxidant enzymes and alkaline protease from pulp and peel of sunflower

Objective The activity of enzymes participating in the systems of antioxidant protection was assayed in the peel and pulp of sunflower. The essential roles of proteases in food stimulate research to find other sources of the enzyme especially from non-conventional sources. In the present work, we study several biochemical parameters in the pulp and peel of sunflower. Methods Pulp and peel of sunflower was extracted, antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant were measured. Alkaline protease was measured and purified from pulp in sunflower. Results High carbohydrate concentration, beta-carotene, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, free radical scavenging capacity and free flavonoid content were observed in the peel of sunflower. Whereas, MDA and ceruloplasmin activities were high in the pulp of sunflower. Conclusions The present study concluded that peel in sunflower are strong radical scavengers and can be considered as good sources of natural antioxidants for medicinal and commercial uses. Further analysis showed that protease activity was a significantly high in the pulp compared to the peel.

Phytoconstituents and antioxidant properties among commercial tea (Camellia sinensis L. ) clones of Iran

Background Tea (Camellia sinensis), a well-known beverage is consumed frequently worldwide due to its high antioxidant properties. The present study determines the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities among 12 high yielding tea clones cultivated in Iran. Results Among the 12 clones studied, tea clone Iran 100 had the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with values of 8.44 ± 1.03 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight and 4.50 ± 0.16 mg rutin equivalents per gram dry weight respectively. High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolics and flavonoids in 12 clones revealed the presence of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate, (-)-epicatechingallate, gallic acid and caffeine. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay showed the existence of variation in the antioxidant activity ranging from 22.67 to 65.36%. The highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 218.24 µg/mL was observed in the leaf extract of the clone Iran 100, while the lowest was found in the clone Iran 482 with IC50 value of 234.44 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity had a positive correlation with total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate, (-)-epicatechingallate and caffeine (0.59 = r = 0.97, P < 0.05). Conclusion From the study it can be concluded that the clone Iran 100 has a superior quality compared to any other clones studied due to occurrence of more phenolic compounds and a greater antioxidant activity. Hence, we recommend the use of tea clone Iran 100 for commercial planting.

Comparison of Total Flavonoid, Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity in Leaf and Seed Extracts from White Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum).

Ocimum sanctum, commonly known as the white holy basil herb belonging to Lamiaceae family is one of the oldest and popular medicinal plant rich in various phytonutrients and antioxidants. In this study, the comparative evaluation of flavonoids, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity was carried out in methanolic extract prepared from O. sanctum leaves and seeds. The TAC, TPC, and the TFC were measured by ammonium molybdate, Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride method respectively. Antioxidant activity was also determined by using DPPH and FRAP assay. In response to the above assays, TACs of O. sanctum leaf and seed extracts were 25-248 and 0.011-0.109 μg AAE/10 mg of extract respectively. The TFC assay showed that leaf extract of O. sanctum (14- 225 μg QE/10mg extract) had higher flavonoid content than the seed extract (0.009-0.119 μg QE/10 mg extract) and the TPC assay in the leaf extract (4.49-9.31 μg GAE/mg extract) was higher than those present in seed (4.10-9.05 μg GAE/mg extract). In DPPH assay, % inhibition in O. sanctum leaf extract was determined in the range 18-76% while in seed extract it was 6-29% and in FRAP assay, leaf extract displayed reducing power in range 0.48- 5.50 μg FSE /mg extract while in seed extract it was 0.16-5.46 μg FSE /mg extract. It was observed that O. sanctum leaf extract had high total phenolic and flavonoid content in addition to antioxidant capacity as compared to its seed extract. Abbreviations: TAC: Total Antioxidant Capacity TPC: Total Phenolic Content TFC: Total Flavonoid Content DPPH: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl FRAP: Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power

Antioxidant capacity and fatty acid composition of different parts of Adenocarpus complicatus (Fabaceae) from Turkey / Capacidad antioxidante y composición de ácidos grasos de diferentes partes de Adenocarpus complicatus (Fabaceae) de Turquía

Adenocarpus complicatus is distributed throughout the Anatolian peninsula and is widely used for human and animal nutrition. The purpose of this work was to study the antioxidant properties and fatty acid composition of different parts of this plant (fruits and mixed materials). The species was collected from Golyuzu village of the Seydisehir district near Konya province, Turkey. Fruit and mixed parts obtained from this species were ground and a 15g sample was used to prepare methanolic extracts. Powdered plant samples were extracted with 100mL methanol in a mechanical shaker. The obtained extracts were filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and were subsequently stored at -20°C. Antioxidant components, namely total phenolic and flavonoid content, were detected for each extract using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by various assays including phosphomolybdenum, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, metal chelating activity, and ferric and cupric ion reducing power. The fatty acid profiles of plant parts were also determined by using gas chromatography. The total phenolic content of fruit (36.21mgGAE/g) was higher than that of mixed materials (13.79mgGAE/g). The methanolic extract of mixed material had higher amounts of flavonoid than fruit extract. The free radical scavenging activity of extracts was expressed as IC50 value (μg/mL) (amount required to inhibit DPPH radical formation by 50%). The lower IC50 value reflects better free radical scavenging action. The radical scavenging activity of the samples was compared with BHT, it showed the mixed material to be almost two times more potent than the fruit extract. However, BHT is an excellent free radical scavenger with an IC50 of 34.061μg/mL. The ferric and cupric reducing power potentials of the extracts were expressed as EC50 value (the effective concentration at which the absorbance was 0.5). Fruit extract exhibited strong ferric reducing power with an EC50 of 871.25μg/mL. The metal chelating activity of the extracts increased with concentration. Chelating effect was 83.60% for fruit extract at 1mg/mL concentration. Oil content of fruit and mixed parts were detected as 6.71 and 6.14%, respectively. A total of 32 fatty acids were found in the oil. Essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic acid) were identified as the most abundant fatty acids in the oil. These results demonstrated that this plant species can be considered as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. Likewise, the oil obtained from the plant can be used as a source of essential fatty acids for food and pharmacological applications. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (1): 337-346. Epub 2014 March 01.

Adenocarpus complicatus se distribuye por toda la península de Anatolia y es ampliamente utilizado para la nutrición humana y animal. El propósito de este trabajo fue estudiar las propiedades antioxidantes y la composición de ácidos grasos de diferentes partes de la planta (frutos y partes mezcladas). Las especies fueron recolectadas en Golyuzu, Seydisehir, cerca de la provincia Konya en Turquía. Para preparar los extractos metanólicos se tomó una muestra de 15g de frutas y partes mezcladas de esta especie. Muestras de plantas en polvo se extrajeron con 100ml de metanol en un agitador mecánico. Los extractos obtenidos se filtraron y se concentraron a sequedad bajo presión reducida y posteriormente se almacenaron a -20°C. Para cada extracto, mediante métodos espectrofotométricos se detectaron los componentes antioxidantes, llamados contenido total de fenoles y flavonoides. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante diversos ensayos: fosfomolibdeno, capacidad de captación de radicales libres DPPH, actividad quelante de metales y poder reductor de iones férricos y cúpricos. También se determinaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos de partes de la planta mediante el uso de cromatografía de gases. El contenido fenólico total de la fruta (36.21mgGAE/g) fue mayor que la de los materiales mezclados (13.79mgGAE/g). El extracto metanólico de material mezclado tenía una mayor cantidad de flavonoides que el extracto de la fruta. La actividad captadora de radicales libres de los extractos se expresó como valor de IC50 (mg/ml) (cantidad necesaria para inhibir la formación de radicales DPPH en un 50%). El valor bajo de IC50 refleja mejor acción eliminadora de radicales libres. La actividad captadora de radicales de las muestras se comparó con BHT, se mostró que el material mezclado es casi dos veces más potente que el extracto de la fruta. Sin embargo, BHT es un excelente eliminador de radicales libres con una IC50 de 34.061μg/mL. El potencial de reducción férrico y cúprico de los extractos se expresó como valor de CE50 (la concentración efectiva a la que la absorbancia fue de 0.5). El extracto de la fruta exhibe fuerte poder reductor férrico con una EC50 de 871.25μg/mL. La actividad quelante de metales de los extractos aumentó con la concentración. El efecto quelante de extracto de fruta fue de 83.60% en una concentración de 1mg/ml. El contenido de aceite del fruto y partes mixtas fue 6.71 y 6.14%, respectivamente. Un total de 32 ácidos grasos fueron encontrados en el aceite. Los ácidos grasos esenciales (ácido linoleico y α-linolénico) fueron identificados como los ácidos grasos más abundantes en el aceite. Estos resultados demostraron que esta especie vegetal se puede considerar como una alternativa a los antioxidantes sintéticos. Del mismo modo, el aceite obtenido de la planta se puede utilizar como una fuente de ácidos grasos esenciales para alimentos y aplicaciones farmacológicas.

GC-MS analysis, determination of total phenolics, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activities of various crude extracts of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori leaves

To perform phytochemical screening, estimate total phenolics, flavonoids and to evaluate antioxidant potential of Moringa peregrina (M. peregrina) leaves. Methods: The dried powdered leaves of M. peregrina (150 g) were extracted exhaustively by Soxhlet with ethanol and then fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethy alacetate and methanol. All the prepared extracts were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize the chemical compounds present in the crude extracts. Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were used to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts. Hydrogen peroxide and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity. Results: Phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract showed presence of major classes of phytochemicals. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results revealed presence of 19 phytoconstituents in hexane extract, 6 in ethyl acetate and 7 compounds in methanolic extract. Methanol extract was found to contain the highest phenolic content and flavonoids. In vitro antioxidant activities of all crude extracts were significant and comparable with the standard ascorbic acid. Conclusions: Results of this study show that the leaves of M. peregrina are the rich source of phenolic compounds that can play an important role in preventing the progression of many diseases.

GC-MS analysis, determination of total phenolics, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activities of various crude extracts of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori leaves

Objective: To perform phytochemical screening, estimate total phenolics, flavonoids and to evaluate antioxidant potential of Moringa peregrina (M. peregrina) leaves. Methods: The dried powdered leaves of M. peregrina (150 g) were extracted exhaustively by Soxhlet with ethanol and then fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethy alacetate and methanol. All the prepared extracts were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize the chemical compounds present in the crude extracts. Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were used to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts. Hydrogen peroxide and 1,1 diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity. Results: Phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract showed presence of major classes of phytochemicals. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results revealed presence of 19 phytoconstituents in hexane extract, 6 in ethyl acetate and 7 compounds in methanolic extract. Methanol extract was found to contain the highest phenolic content and flavonoids. In vitro antioxidant activities of all crude extracts were significant and comparable with the standard ascorbic acid. Conclusions: Results of this study show that the leaves of M. peregrina are the rich source of phenolic compounds that can play an important role in preventing the progression of many diseases.

Evaluation of extracts and essential oil from Callistemon viminalis leaves: antibacterial and antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Callistemon viminalis (C. viminalis) leaves.@*METHODS@#The essential oil of C. viminalis leaves obtained by hydro-distillation was analyzed by GC/MS. Different extracts were tested for total phenolic and flavonoid contents and in vitro antioxidant (DPPH assay) and antibacterial (agar disc diffusion and 96-well micro-plates methods) actives.@*RESULTS@#Fourteen components were identified in the essential oil, representing 98.94% of the total oil. The major components were 1,8-cineole (64.53%) and α-pinene (9.69%). Leaf essential oil exhibited the highest antioxidant activity of (88.60±1.51)% comparable to gallic acid, a standard compound [(80.00±2.12)%]. Additionally, the biggest zone of inhibitions against the studied bacterial strains was observed by the essential oil when compared to the standard antibiotic (tetracycline). The crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction had a significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains.@*CONCLUSIONS@#It can be suggested that C. viminalis is a great potential source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds useful for new antimicrobial drugs from the natural basis. The present study revealed that the essential oil as well as the methanol extracts and ethyl acetate fraction of C. viminalis leaves exhibited highly significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains.

Protective Effects of Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol ex. Correa in Inflammatory, Nociceptive and Arthritic Conditions on Experimental Animals.

Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antiarthritis activities of methanolic extract of T. populnea flower (TPF) and root (TPR) extract; yet unreported. Study Design: Extraction and administration of bioactive extract. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacognosy, R.V.S. College of Pharmaceutical Science, Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, between June 2010 and July 2011. Methodology: Thespesia populnea flowers and roots were extracted by soxhlet extraction using methanol. Anti-inflammatory activity of TPF and TPR was studied by using acetic acid induced vascular permeability and cotton-pellet granuloma. The antinociceptive activity of TPF and TPR was evaluated using formalin-induced paw licking response and the hot-plate test. The antiarthritic activity was studied by using adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rat. In addition total flavonoid content was determined with spectrophotometric method. Results: Administration of TPF and TPR (400 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the formation of granuloma tissue induced by cotton pellet at a rate of 37.06% and 25.76% respectively. TPF and TPR inhibited acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in mice. In the adjuvant-induced arthritis test TPF and TPR inhibited 50.68% and 30.13% of paw thickness respectively. TPF and TPR also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in formalin-induced paw licking response. In the hot-plate test, TPF and TPR have shown significantly (P < 0.01) increased in latency time when compared with control. Conclusion: Altogether, the present data demonstrate the anti-inflammatory antinociceptive and antiarthritis properties of flower and root of Thespesia populnea suggesting its potential role as adjuvant therapeutic tool for the management of inflammatory-related diseases.